Hsiu-Fang Hsieh & Sarah E. Shannon (2005)
Clarifies three distinct qualitative content analysis approaches—conventional, directed, and summative—and how they differ in coding and trustworthiness.
The article synthesizes how “qualitative content analysis” is actually practiced in three recognizable approaches: conventional, directed, and summative. It distinguishes them by where codes come from (data-derived vs theory-guided vs counts leading to interpretation), how coding schemes are built, and what trustworthiness threats each approach raises. By laying out analytic procedures and trustworthiness techniques with illustrative examples, it helps researchers choose and justify a content analysis strategy aligned with their research aims.
Conceptual/methodological overview that delineates procedures for three qualitative content analysis approaches.
Basic qualitative research methods knowledge, especially coding and trustworthiness in content analysis.
A key work for understanding different types of content analysis.
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